長文読解（人文系・自然科学系の文章）- 問題110

Urban planning has undergone a significant transformation in the 21st century, shifting from car-centric designs to human-centered approaches. The concept of "15-minute neighborhoods" has gained momentum globally, where residents can access most daily necessities within a 15-minute walk or bike ride from their homes. This model, first implemented in Paris under Mayor Anne Hidalgo, aims to reduce traffic congestion, improve air quality, and enhance community connections.
Research conducted by urban planners at MIT shows that cities adopting this approach have seen a 23% reduction in carbon emissions and a 40% increase in local business revenue. Barcelona's "superblocks" program exemplifies this trend, converting car-dominated streets into pedestrian-friendly spaces with green infrastructure. These areas now feature community gardens, playgrounds, and outdoor cafes, fostering social interaction among residents.
However, implementing such changes faces challenges. Property values in redesigned areas often increase by 15-20%, potentially displacing long-term residents. Critics argue that without careful planning, these initiatives may create gentrification rather than genuine community improvement. Successful urban transformation requires balancing environmental benefits with social equity to ensure all residents can enjoy improved living conditions.