長文読解（人文系・自然科学系の文章）- 問題116

Urban ecology represents a fascinating field of study that examines how plants, animals, and humans interact within city environments. Unlike traditional ecosystems, urban areas create unique microclimates through the "heat island effect," where concrete and asphalt absorb and retain more heat than natural surfaces. This phenomenon can raise city temperatures by 2-5 degrees Celsius compared to surrounding rural areas.
Cities also provide unexpected habitats for wildlife. Peregrine falcons, once endangered, have made remarkable recoveries by nesting on skyscrapers and hunting pigeons in urban canyons. Green corridors—networks of parks, gardens, and tree-lined streets—serve as vital pathways that allow species to move between fragmented habitats.
However, urban environments pose significant challenges. Air pollution, noise, and artificial lighting disrupt natural behaviors and migration patterns. Light pollution, in particular, confuses nocturnal animals and affects plant growth cycles. Despite these obstacles, some species have shown remarkable adaptability, with certain birds learning to sing at higher frequencies to communicate over traffic noise.
Understanding urban ecology is crucial for creating sustainable cities that support both human well-being and biodiversity conservation.